Table 3

Acheulean Handaxe
Site/Collection Data

Read discussion at bottom of Table
^* denotes calculated value

Table 3

COUNTRY SITE/COLLECTION N Max. L Max. W Max. T L/W W/T LN(L*T) SOURCE
1 South Africa Montagu Cave,
Layer 3 140 152 94^* 47^* 1.61 2.01 8.87 Keller 1973
2 South Africa Montagu Cave,
Layer 5 325 170 98^* 52^* 1.74 1.87 9.10 Keller 1973
3 Zimbabwe Hwange National Park,
20011 (Dete Police Road) 203 110 71 38 1.55^* 1.86^* 8.35 Haynes & Klimowicz 2005
4 Zimbabwe Hwange National Park,
50002 16 89 64 33 1.40^* 1.92^* 8.00 Haynes & Klimowicz 2005
5 Zimbabwe Hwange National Park,
90005 4 161 92 44 1.74^* 2.08^* 8.88 Haynes & Klimowicz 2005
6 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site A Horizon IV 18 171 103^* 77^* 1.67 2.21 9.49 Roe 2001
7 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site A Horizon V/Va 80 165 97^* 75^* 1.70 2.19 9.43 Roe 2001
8 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site A Horizon Vb 34 173 97^* 82^* 1.78 2.11 9.56 Roe 2001
9 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site A Horizon VI 48 170 98^* 77^* 1.73 2.22 9.47 Roe 2001
10 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site B Horizon IV 35 166 106^* 90^* 1.57 1.84 9.61 Roe 2001
11 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site B Horizon V 601 171 96^* 82^* 1.77 2.07 9.55 Roe 2001
12 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site B Horizon VI 35 152 87^* 78^* 1.75 1.96 9.37 Roe 2001
13 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site B Horizon VII 24 167 100^* 76^* 1.66 2.20 9.45 Roe 2001
14 Zambia Kalambo Falls,
Site B Horizon VIII 39 145 87^* 70^* 1.68 2.07 9.22 Roe 2001
15 Kenya Olorgesailie, Tr. Tr. M 10 55-64 145 90^* 65^* 1.61 2.22 9.15 Isaac 1977
16 Kenya Olorgesailie, Meng 83-96 149 82^* 77^* 1.82 1.92 9.35 Isaac 1977
17 Kenya Olorgesailie, Mid page 78-86 177 97^* 78^* 1.82 2.27 9.53 Isaac 1977
18 Kenya Olorgesailie, H/9 AM 14-16 194 107^* 78^* 1.82 2.50 9.62 Isaac 1977
19 Kenya Olorgesailie, H/9 A 58-68 150 92^* 68^* 1.64 2.22 9.22 Isaac 1977
20 Kenya Olorgesailie, H/6 A 54-57 183 104^* 102^* 1.75 1.79 9.84 Isaac 1977
21 Kenya Olorgesailie, DE/89 C 15-23 164 92^* 93^* 1.79 1.75 9.64 Isaac 1977
22 Kenya Olorgesailie, DE/89 B 172-520 172 101^* 79^* 1.69 2.17 9.52 Isaac 1977
23 Kenya Olorgesailie, DE/89 A 60-79 179 106^* 84^* 1.69 2.13 9.62 Isaac 1977
24 Kenya Olorgesailie, I 3 66-74 104 70^* 59^* 1.49 1.75 8.73 Isaac 1977
25 India Hunsgi-II 30 163 97 50 1.68^* 1.93^* 9.00 Noll & Petraglia 2003
26 India Hunsgi-V 143 143 87 46 1.64^* 1.89^* 8.80 Noll & Petraglia 2003
27 India Isampur 89 175 107 53 1.64^* 2.02^* 9.13 Noll & Petraglia 2003
28 India Fatelpur-V 27 124 84 38 1.47^* 2.24^* 8.45 Noll & Petraglia 2003
29 India Yediyapur-VI 52 127 82 39 1.55^* 2.10^* 8.51 Noll & Petraglia 2003
30 England Allington Hill 54 115 73^* 35^* 1.56 2.11 8.30 Roe 1967
31 England Baker's Farm 239 132 79^* 46^* 1.68 1.72 8.71 Roe 1967
32 England Barton Cliff 110 114 79^* 38^* 1.44 2.07 8.38 Roe 1967
33 England Bowman's Lodge 30 91 65^* 31^* 1.39 2.10 7.95 Roe 1967
34 England Broom 172 129 82^* 39^* 1.57 2.13 8.51 Roe 1967
35 England Caddington 35 97 65^* 32^* 1.50 2.01 8.05 Roe 1967
36 England Caversham 156 105 69^* 37^* 1.53 1.87 8.26 Roe 1967
37 England Chadwell St. Mary 99 115 72^* 43^* 1.59 1.68 8.50 Roe 1967
38 England Corfe Mullen 45 122 80^* 34^* 1.52 2.39 8.32 Roe 1967
39 England Croxley Green 37 106 69^* 36^* 1.54 1.93 8.24 Roe 1967
40 England Cuxton 172 130 76^* 47^* 1.70 1.64 8.71 Roe 1967
41 England Dovercourt 165 98 65^* 36^* 1.50 1.82 8.16 Roe 1967
42 England Elveden 74 109 68^* 34^* 1.60 2.01 8.22 Roe 1967
43 England Farmham Terrace A 39 154 84^* 48^* 1.83 1.74 8.91 Roe 1967
44 England Fordwich 194 144 78^* 54^* 1.83 1.45 8.96 Roe 1967
45 England Foxhall Road 74 94 62^* 29^* 1.52 2.11 7.92 Roe 1967
46 England Furze Platt
Ontario, Canada 600 122 71 38 1.74^* 1.89^* 8.45 Fox 1969
47 England Furze Platt
Oxford, England 473 134 79^* 45^* 1.70 1.76 8.70 Roe 1967
48 England Gaddesden Row 45 100 69^* 35^* 1.45 1.97 8.16 Roe 1967
49 England High Lodge 68 113 75^* 33^* 1.50 2.25 8.24 Roe 1967
50 England Highlands Farm 200 104 70^* 36^* 1.48 1.94 8.23 Roe 1967
51 England Hitchin 80 117 73^* 37^* 1.59 2.00 8.37 Roe 1967
52 England Holybourne 19 94 63^* 32^* 1.49 1.97 8.01 Roe 1967
53 England Hoxne 109 116 73^* 35^* 1.58 2.07 8.32 Roe 1967
54 England Knowle Farm 461 92 63^* 36^* 1.46 1.75 8.11 Roe 1967
55 England Oldbury 31 72 54^* 22^* 1.34 2.45 7.37 Roe 1967
56 England Round Tree 14 107 68^* 33^* 1.57 2.05 8.17 Roe 1967
57 England Shide (Pan Farm) 44 87 62^* 27^* 1.40 2.30 7.76 Roe 1967
58 England Stanton Downham 100 116 81^* 37^* 1.44 2.18 8.36 Roe 1967
59 England Stoke Newington 63 99 61^* 37^* 1.63 1.64 8.20 Roe 1967
60 England Swanscombe M.G. 164 104 65^* 36^* 1.59 1.83 8.22 Roe 1967
61 England Swanscombe U.L. 18 115 77^* 36^* 1.50 2.15 8.32 Roe 1967
62 England Tilehurst 94 110 82^* 35^* 1.34 2.34 8.26 Roe 1967
63 England Twydall 55 127 75^* 42^* 1.69 1.77 8.59 Roe 1967
64 England Wallingford 100 108 71^* 35^* 1.52 2.00 8.25 Roe 1967
65 England Warren Hill--fresh 642 100 70^* 30^* 1.44 2.31 8.01 Roe 1967
66 England Warren Hill--worn 116 124 75^* 45^* 1.66 1.66 8.63 Roe 1967
67 England Whitlingham 143 134 80^* 42^* 1.68 1.92 8.63 Roe 1967
68 England Wolvercote 47 127 71^* 39^* 1.80 1.79 8.52 Roe 1967
The next three are Homo sapiens sites/collections
France Solutrean 13 258 73 19 3.62^* 4.04^* 8.43 Baker 2004
USA West Texas Archaic 13 63 37 13 1.75^* 3.16^* 6.67 Baker 2004
USA Alaska Paleoindian/Archaic 8 89 30 10 2.97^* 3.04^* 6.77 Baker 2004

Handaxes in Africa are made from large flakes. As a result, some of these large flakes were initially too thin for subsequent flake removals and were discarded. The African archaeologists usually identify these discarded large flakes as other types of tools. The largest group of these tools is the African cleaver, which is about as abundant as the handaxe.
The British cleaver is a handaxe. As defined by Roe (1968:54), it is a handaxe with the ratio of L₁/L greater than 0.550. L₁ is the distance from the butt to the location of maximum width
Based on the data from the African sites considered in this Table, for every cleaver there are 1.1 handaxes. That said, the reader needs to know that I have included the African cleavers and other minor biface tools as handaxe in this Table. This will probably trouble some readers because there is not an equivalent form in archaeological record from England . However, I believe this inclusion is consistent because it is part of the handaxe reduction process. Basically, when the large flakes were removed, there was a culling process. The thicker ones then had additional flakes extracted from them and they became the handaxes. The thinner ones were already exhausted, too thin for further flake removal, and they were discarded; only to be later recognized as the African cleaver. The African cleaver is just a prematurely exhausted handaxe (flake core).

	COUNTRY	SITE/COLLECTION	N	Max. L	Max. W	Max. T	L/W	W/T	*LN(LT)**	SOURCE
1	South Africa	Montagu Cave, Layer 3	140	152	94^*	47^*	1.61	2.01	8.87	Keller 1973
2	South Africa	Montagu Cave, Layer 5	325	170	98^*	52^*	1.74	1.87	9.10	Keller 1973
3	Zimbabwe	Hwange National Park, 20011 (Dete Police Road)	203	110	71	38	1.55^*	1.86^*	8.35	Haynes & Klimowicz 2005
4	Zimbabwe	Hwange National Park, 50002	16	89	64	33	1.40^*	1.92^*	8.00	Haynes & Klimowicz 2005
5	Zimbabwe	Hwange National Park, 90005	4	161	92	44	1.74^*	2.08^*	8.88	Haynes & Klimowicz 2005
6	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site A Horizon IV	18	171	103^*	77^*	1.67	2.21	9.49	Roe 2001
7	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site A Horizon V/Va	80	165	97^*	75^*	1.70	2.19	9.43	Roe 2001
8	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site A Horizon Vb	34	173	97^*	82^*	1.78	2.11	9.56	Roe 2001
9	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site A Horizon VI	48	170	98^*	77^*	1.73	2.22	9.47	Roe 2001
10	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site B Horizon IV	35	166	106^*	90^*	1.57	1.84	9.61	Roe 2001
11	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site B Horizon V	601	171	96^*	82^*	1.77	2.07	9.55	Roe 2001
12	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site B Horizon VI	35	152	87^*	78^*	1.75	1.96	9.37	Roe 2001
13	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site B Horizon VII	24	167	100^*	76^*	1.66	2.20	9.45	Roe 2001
14	Zambia	Kalambo Falls, Site B Horizon VIII	39	145	87^*	70^*	1.68	2.07	9.22	Roe 2001
15	Kenya	Olorgesailie, Tr. Tr. M 10	55-64	145	90^*	65^*	1.61	2.22	9.15	Isaac 1977
16	Kenya	Olorgesailie, Meng	83-96	149	82^*	77^*	1.82	1.92	9.35	Isaac 1977
17	Kenya	Olorgesailie, Mid page	78-86	177	97^*	78^*	1.82	2.27	9.53	Isaac 1977
18	Kenya	Olorgesailie, H/9 AM	14-16	194	107^*	78^*	1.82	2.50	9.62	Isaac 1977
19	Kenya	Olorgesailie, H/9 A	58-68	150	92^*	68^*	1.64	2.22	9.22	Isaac 1977
20	Kenya	Olorgesailie, H/6 A	54-57	183	104^*	102^*	1.75	1.79	9.84	Isaac 1977
21	Kenya	Olorgesailie, DE/89 C	15-23	164	92^*	93^*	1.79	1.75	9.64	Isaac 1977
22	Kenya	Olorgesailie, DE/89 B	172-520	172	101^*	79^*	1.69	2.17	9.52	Isaac 1977
23	Kenya	Olorgesailie, DE/89 A	60-79	179	106^*	84^*	1.69	2.13	9.62	Isaac 1977
24	Kenya	Olorgesailie, I 3	66-74	104	70^*	59^*	1.49	1.75	8.73	Isaac 1977
25	India	Hunsgi-II	30	163	97	50	1.68^*	1.93^*	9.00	Noll & Petraglia 2003
26	India	Hunsgi-V	143	143	87	46	1.64^*	1.89^*	8.80	Noll & Petraglia 2003
27	India	Isampur	89	175	107	53	1.64^*	2.02^*	9.13	Noll & Petraglia 2003
28	India	Fatelpur-V	27	124	84	38	1.47^*	2.24^*	8.45	Noll & Petraglia 2003
29	India	Yediyapur-VI	52	127	82	39	1.55^*	2.10^*	8.51	Noll & Petraglia 2003
30	England	Allington Hill	54	115	73^*	35^*	1.56	2.11	8.30	Roe 1967
31	England	Baker's Farm	239	132	79^*	46^*	1.68	1.72	8.71	Roe 1967
32	England	Barton Cliff	110	114	79^*	38^*	1.44	2.07	8.38	Roe 1967
33	England	Bowman's Lodge	30	91	65^*	31^*	1.39	2.10	7.95	Roe 1967
34	England	Broom	172	129	82^*	39^*	1.57	2.13	8.51	Roe 1967
35	England	Caddington	35	97	65^*	32^*	1.50	2.01	8.05	Roe 1967
36	England	Caversham	156	105	69^*	37^*	1.53	1.87	8.26	Roe 1967
37	England	Chadwell St. Mary	99	115	72^*	43^*	1.59	1.68	8.50	Roe 1967
38	England	Corfe Mullen	45	122	80^*	34^*	1.52	2.39	8.32	Roe 1967
39	England	Croxley Green	37	106	69^*	36^*	1.54	1.93	8.24	Roe 1967
40	England	Cuxton	172	130	76^*	47^*	1.70	1.64	8.71	Roe 1967
41	England	Dovercourt	165	98	65^*	36^*	1.50	1.82	8.16	Roe 1967
42	England	Elveden	74	109	68^*	34^*	1.60	2.01	8.22	Roe 1967
43	England	Farmham Terrace A	39	154	84^*	48^*	1.83	1.74	8.91	Roe 1967
44	England	Fordwich	194	144	78^*	54^*	1.83	1.45	8.96	Roe 1967
45	England	Foxhall Road	74	94	62^*	29^*	1.52	2.11	7.92	Roe 1967
46	England	Furze Platt Ontario, Canada	600	122	71	38	1.74^*	1.89^*	8.45	Fox 1969
47	England	Furze Platt Oxford, England	473	134	79^*	45^*	1.70	1.76	8.70	Roe 1967
48	England	Gaddesden Row	45	100	69^*	35^*	1.45	1.97	8.16	Roe 1967
49	England	High Lodge	68	113	75^*	33^*	1.50	2.25	8.24	Roe 1967
50	England	Highlands Farm	200	104	70^*	36^*	1.48	1.94	8.23	Roe 1967
51	England	Hitchin	80	117	73^*	37^*	1.59	2.00	8.37	Roe 1967
52	England	Holybourne	19	94	63^*	32^*	1.49	1.97	8.01	Roe 1967
53	England	Hoxne	109	116	73^*	35^*	1.58	2.07	8.32	Roe 1967
54	England	Knowle Farm	461	92	63^*	36^*	1.46	1.75	8.11	Roe 1967
55	England	Oldbury	31	72	54^*	22^*	1.34	2.45	7.37	Roe 1967
56	England	Round Tree	14	107	68^*	33^*	1.57	2.05	8.17	Roe 1967
57	England	Shide (Pan Farm)	44	87	62^*	27^*	1.40	2.30	7.76	Roe 1967
58	England	Stanton Downham	100	116	81^*	37^*	1.44	2.18	8.36	Roe 1967
59	England	Stoke Newington	63	99	61^*	37^*	1.63	1.64	8.20	Roe 1967
60	England	Swanscombe M.G.	164	104	65^*	36^*	1.59	1.83	8.22	Roe 1967
61	England	Swanscombe U.L.	18	115	77^*	36^*	1.50	2.15	8.32	Roe 1967
62	England	Tilehurst	94	110	82^*	35^*	1.34	2.34	8.26	Roe 1967
63	England	Twydall	55	127	75^*	42^*	1.69	1.77	8.59	Roe 1967
64	England	Wallingford	100	108	71^*	35^*	1.52	2.00	8.25	Roe 1967
65	England	Warren Hill--fresh	642	100	70^*	30^*	1.44	2.31	8.01	Roe 1967
66	England	Warren Hill--worn	116	124	75^*	45^*	1.66	1.66	8.63	Roe 1967
67	England	Whitlingham	143	134	80^*	42^*	1.68	1.92	8.63	Roe 1967
68	England	Wolvercote	47	127	71^*	39^*	1.80	1.79	8.52	Roe 1967
The next three are Homo sapiens sites/collections
	France	Solutrean	13	258	73	19	3.62^*	4.04^*	8.43	Baker 2004
	USA	West Texas Archaic	13	63	37	13	1.75^*	3.16^*	6.67	Baker 2004
	USA	Alaska Paleoindian/Archaic	8	89	30	10	2.97^*	3.04^*	6.77	Baker 2004

Table 3

Acheulean HandaxeSite/Collection Data

Acheulean Handaxe
Site/Collection Data