| DATE | FROM THE LITERATURE | INTERVIEW w/ JIM & DORIS GREENACRE conducted by Tony Baker (3/6/83) | FAMILY HISTORY ELE & JEWEL BAKER MY PARENTS |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1927-1928 | Boy Scouts "... dug large quantities of the recent fill from the front of the cave..." (Hibben 1941:3). | In the Fall of 1936, Greenacre indicates his crew supervised by Bliss cleaned out the entrance. (58, 78, 1235-1239, 1439) | |
| 1932 | |||
| May | Ele graduates from High School | ||
| Sept.- Dec. | Ele enrolls at Panhandle A&M in Guymon. OK. Jewel enrolls at University of New Mexico. | ||
| 1933 | |||
| Jan.-May. | Ele attends Panhandle A&M. Jewel attends UNM. | ||
| Sept.-Dec. | Ele enrolls as a undergraduate in Anthropology at UNM. Jewel attends UNM. | ||
| 1934 | |||
| Jan.-May | Ele and Jewel attend UNM. | ||
| June-Aug. | Ele takes a summer job (University of Oklahoma) excavating a cave outside his home in Boise City, OK. Aug.--Ernst Antevs and E. B. Howard visit Ele and my Grandfather in Boise City. | ||
| Sept.-Dec. | Greenacre enrolls as a freshman at Colorado A&M. (658) Today, it is Colorado State University. | Dr. Brand comes to UNM as a professor. Ele and Jewel attend UNM. Nov.--Ele marries Jewel. | |
| 1935 | |||
| Jan.-May | Feb.--Workman under the supervision of Gordan Vivian discovers the polychrome murals on the Kiva walls at Kuaua (Bliss 1948:219). | Greenacre attends Colorado A&M (658) | Ele and Jewel attend UNM. During this semester Ele and other anthropology students attended classes three days a week and then work three days a week at Kuaua for field experience. (eleOH 1988) Late spring Ele and Bliss visit the Quarai Mission CCC excavation and restoration project. This was in anticipation of one of them becoming supervisor for the next year. (eleOH 1988) |
| June-Aug. | Under the supervision of Wesley Bliss, the murals at Kuaua are removed and transported to University of New Mexico. Ele participates in this effort. (Bliss 1948:218-223) | As a teenage in the 1960s, I remember Ele telling me that he had worked for Bliss on the Kuaua project and that Bliss was the best archaeologist he had ever met. Aug.--Ele takes the job at Quarai Mission, so he and Jewel drop out of school for one year. They lived at the excavation. (eleOH 1988) | |
| Sept.-Dec. | Unknown--Davis brings Sandia Cave to our attention (Hibben 1941:2) Fall--Davis brings Sandia Cave to the attention of the Anthropology Dept (Hibben 1937:260). Oct.--Davis shows Sandia Cave to Bliss (Bliss 1940:78). Davis shows the two Sandia Caves to Hibben and Bliss (Byers 1942:408). There are additional accounts in the later literature about how the Cave was introduced to the University. Oct. 18--A mining claim on the two caves (Davis & Sandia) was posted. Notices were signed by Brand, Bliss, Hawley, Hibben, and Davis (Byers 1942:408). Nov. 7--Permit to excavate the two caves is applied for by Dr. Brand who is to be in general charge. Bliss is to be in charge of field work (Byers 1942:408). Unknown--Bliss learns his Masters Degree in Anthropology from UNM. His Thesis was Preservation of the Murals of Kiva III, Kuaua Pueblo Ruins. (Bliss 1935). | Greenacre attends Colorado A&M (658) Greenacre was a close friend of Ken Davis and believes it is most likely that Davis showed Sandia Cave to Bliss. (106-116) | Dr. Brand is made acting head of the Antropology Department. (eleOH 1988) Ele and Jewel work at Quarai Mission. |
| 1936 | |||
| Jan.-May | Jan.--Excavation Permit for the work in the two caves is approved. It does not indicate who is in charge of the field work. Bliss being the "more experienced digger" was given his choice of caves and he chose to lead the work party in Davis Cave. Sandia Cave then defaulted to Hibben.(Byers 1942; Preston 1995:69) Feb.--Work begins in both caves under the designated leaders. (Byers 1942) Mar.--Bliss completes work in Davis Cave, which proved to be sterile. (Byers 1942) | Greenacre attends Colorado A&M (658) | Ele and Jewel continue their work at Quarai Mission. Dr. Brand continues as acting head of the Antropology Department. (eleOH 1988) Mar.--Ele receives a letter from his mother (my grandmother) saying that "...Antevs and Dr. Spier are to teach at Albuquerque during the summer session, they will have charge of the field work classes." |
| June-Aug. | Hibben earns Masters Degree in Zoology from UNM (Adamsgun.com). June--Hibben marries Eleanor (Brownie) Pack. (Preston 1995:70) | Still working for the UNM, Ele moves to Jemez Pueblo and continue excavation and restoration work there. Jewel joins him in July. Aug.--Ele receives a letter from Bliss who is at the field school at Chaco, which reads like he is one of the senior individuals there. "Things are going along fine here. We haven't as many students as we wanted but we do have about fifty. There are over seventy in camp counting the faculty and the research students." Bliss reports that Andevs and Dr. Spier have been there. He goes on to say that Antevs is coming to Albuquerque in the Fall and is interested in seeing the find Ele has made at Quarai. "He also wants to see our cave deposit in the Sandias." | |
| Sept.-Dec. | Oct.--Bliss is put in charge of Sandia Cave, but he utilizes a different crew than Hibben, a crew made up of members of the TIWA Archaeological Society of the UNM. During this time "...very little was accomplished, due to winter rains and bad road conditions." (Byers 1942:408). "Just before the close of this season's work...", a fireplace was found near the front of the cave. "At the edge of the fireplace was another chipped impliment (Hibben 1937:262-263). This is the first Sandia point found in the Cave. Hibben suggests it is somewhat similar to the single shoulder Solutrean point. | Greenacre transfers to UNM (86). Bliss' crew only worked weekends. (699-700) Bliss' crew consisted of Barbara Clark, Jane Olsen, Ken Davis, Vance Davis, Jim Greenacre, Otto Hammerschmidt, Don Hastings, Don Lehmer, and Margaret ??. (686-710) Only Barbara Clark, Jim Greenacre (my informant), and Jane Olsen are credited in the Monograph. Bliss' crew constructs and bolts a large wooden door to the entrance of the cave. (733-735) Greenacre later recognizes the door frame in Plate 2 #1 on page 66 of the Monograph. (1196) Bliss' crew cleans out the entrance. (58, 78, 1235-1239, 1439). Bliss' crew works in Cave for several weekends before Hibbon learns of it. (1099) If Hibben didn't know, I am sure Dr. Brand also didn't know. Greenacre remembers finding a fire hearth near the front of the cave. (458-468, 557, 1461-1468). However, he cannot remember any projectiles being found during his time in the cave. (582, 833-836, 1276-1281, 1303-1304, 1345-1349) | Dr. Brand apparently is no longer acting head of the Anthropology Department. (eleOH 1988) However, he remains at UNM until 1947. Ele and Jewel return to school at UNM. Thanksgiving Holiday--Ele and Jewel make a trip to the original Folsom site. Ele finds a flake scraper in the bone bed in the side of the arroyo. An unknown woman is also in the photographs. Possibly a unknown man was with them, but there is no evidence of this person. |
| 1937 | |||
| Jan.-May | Jan.--Bliss is still in charge of excavations at Sandia Cave. (Byers 1942:408) Feb.--Hibben and Bliss submit and sign (in this order) a joint report to Dr. Brand, acting head of the Dept. of Anthropology, who incorporates their data in a report that he submits to the Forest Supervisor. (Byers 1942:408) April--Hibben publishes the first article on Sandia Cave in American Antiquity, "Association of Man With Pleistocene Mammals in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico." | Greenacre attends UNM and continues to work in the Cave with Bliss during the Spring. Hibben is not physically involved with the excavation, but now is aware of it. (86-90,135-136) | Ele and Jewel attend school at UNM. They are listed as seniors in the Yearbook. Ele leaves school at the end of this semester and does not return until 1957. |
| June-Aug. | The "anthropological field party of the University of New Mexico" depart for Canada. They are funded by a grant "from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society and by the University of New Mexico." (Bliss Science 1939:365) Greenacre is excavating at Lindenmeier under the direction of Frank Roberts. (Lindenmeier 1978:9) | Bliss departs for his expedition in Canada and Alaska. (247-271) | Ele is working at Jemez Pueblo. Jewel is attending summer school (UNM) and staying at Hibben's house. During this period Jewel occasionally baby-sits Hibben's two step daughters. |
| Sept.-Dec. | Bliss is in Canada. (Byers 1942:409) | Greenacre attends UNM. | Ele and Jewel are at Chaco. Ele is excavating and restoring the ruins and Jewel is teaching school in Chaco. |
| 1938 | |||
| Jan.-May | Bliss is in Canada. (Byers 1942:409) | March--Greenacre leaves UNM and takes a job with the University of Kentucky. (147) The job was Supervisor of Field Excavations and it was offered to him by John (Jack) Cotter. (1527-1534) Jim and Doris get married. (421) | Feb.--Ele takes a job with the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society excavating the Antelope Creek Ruins. He is living in Amarillo. |
| June-Aug. | Bliss is in Canada. (Byers 1942:409) | June--Jewel graduates fron UNM and joins Ele. | |
| Sept.-Dec. | Bliss is in Canada. (Byers 1942:409) Bliss submits his article, "A Chronological Problem Presented By Sandia Cave, New Mexico," to American Antiquity for publication. (Byers 1942:409) "Dr. Brand put Hibben in charge of the excavations (of Sandia Cave) in the fall of 1938." (Byers 1942:409) From this statement I have to assume that Bliss was in charge of excavations from at least October, 1936 until this time. I also have to assumed that there was no excavation efforts , since Bliss left for Canada in the summer of 1937 and stay through 1938. Also, Greenacre is excavating at Lindenmeier in the summer of 1937. | Ele and Jewel are in Amarillo excavating the Antelope Creek Ruins. | |
| 1939 | |||
| Jan.-Dec. | May 1--In Wormington's 1st Edition of Ancient Man in North America, she acknowledges Bliss for providing her with information, which was "In Press", concerning Early Man in Canada. Additionally, there is no mention of Sandia Cave. | Bliss visits the Greenacres who are living in Paintsville, Kentucky. (421, 480) I believe this was during Halloween, but the information in entries 421 and 480 are conflicting. | Ele and Jewel are in Amarillo excavating the Antelope Creek Ruins. |
| 1940 | |||
| Jan.-May | Hibben receives his PhD from Harvard. (ProQuest Dissertations) I assume it was early in the year because Dr. Brand refers to him as Doctor in his April, 1940 "Correspondence" in American Antiquity. Jan.--American Antiquity publishes Bliss' article, "A Chronological Problem Presented By Sandia Cave, New Mexico," exactly as submitted by Bliss in 1938. (Byers 1942:409) April--Dr. Brand challenges Bliss statements (in his January article) in "Correspondences" of American Antiquity (1940:339) May-- Hibben submits the second article on Sandia Cave. The first was in April 1937. In this, 1940 Time Magazine, article he changes the stratigraphy in the front part of the cave by adding the Folsom and ochre layers between the travertine and the Sandia layer. Additionally, this is the first report of finding Folsom projectiles. (May 6:67) | Greenacre is excavating mounds in Kentucky. (1062) Bliss' Sandia crew performs most, if not all, of the excavation between the entrance and meter 82 that is indicated in the Mongraph. (790-828) (This represent about 90% of the excavation that was reported in the Monograph.) Greenacre cannot remember any projectiles being found during his time in the cave. (582, 833-836, 1303-1304, 1345-1349, 1470-1475) He is even more positive there were no Folsom projectiles found that he or Bliss were aware of. (1165-1169,1177-1185,1276-1281,1818-1824) | Ele and Jewel are in Amarillo excavating the Antelope Creek Ruins. |
| June-Aug. | July--Bliss re-challenges Dr. Brand statements (April "Correspondence") in "Correspondences" of American Antiquity (1940:77) July--Hibben publishes another article in Scientific American describing finding both Sandia and Folsom points in the Cave. (1940:14) | Ele and Jewel are in Amarillo excavating the Antelope Creek Ruins. | |
| Sept.-Dec. | Ele and Jewel are in Amarillo excavating the Antelope Creek Ruins. | ||
| 1941 | |||
| Jan.-May | Jan--In the correspondence section of American Antiquity, Hibben calls Bliss a "student" and says he has no knowledge or authority to have written what he did in the January and July issues of 1940. (Hibben 1941:266) | Greenacre is doing salvage archaeology on the Tennesse River in preparation for the Kentucky dam. (1540, 1629) | Ele and Jewel are in Amarillo excavating the Antelope Creek Ruins. |
| June-Aug. | June--The Amarillo job looses its funding. Ele and Jewel get a two month grant to survey for Paleoindian in the Northeatern New Mexico. Grant is from E. B. Howard and the University of Pennsylvania. | ||
| Sept.-Dec. | Oct.--Hibben publishes "Evidences of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, New Mexico, and Other Sites in the Sandia-Manzano Region". This is the Site Report and Monograph for Sandia Cave. | ||
| 1942 | |||
| Jan.-Dec. | Douglas Byers, then Editor of American Antiquity, writes a short article in same defending Bliss' statements in his 1940's AA article. What is interesting about Byers' article is how he came by the facts that he cites. In the article he says he "received communications supported by copies of certain documents, from several members of the Society, requesting that in fairness to Bliss and in fairness to the evidence of the cave itself..." that this information be made public. (1942:408) | Greenacre believed that an article by Howard was published in American Antiquity defending Bliss and his side of the Sandia Story. (101-103, 132, 481-491, 499-506, 1081, 1372-1407, 1419-1420) This article does not exists. Instead, I believe Howard provided his information to Byers, which led to the Byers article on the left. Also, note how Howard ignored the Folsom component of Sandia Cave in his Finley Site article of 1943. | |
| 1943 | |||
| Jan.-Dec. | Jan--E. B. Howard ignores the Folsom finds in Sandia Cave when listing the various Folsom locations know at the time. In The Finley Site: ... Near Eden, Wyoming, he only lists Folsom, Clovis, Lindenmeier, Johnson, Lipscomb, and surface sites in various states. (Amer. Antiq. 1943:229) | ||
| 1944 | |||
| Jan.-Dec. | In Wormington's 2nd Edition of Ancient Man in North America, Sandia Cave gets two+ pages of discussion. |
| Literature | Greenacre |
|---|---|
| Pueblo pottery shards found in recent layer. (Monograph--Page 69, Plate 5, caption under #1. Need to find references in text.) | Greenacre did not find any pottery and knew of no one that did. (1234-1241) |
| Gravers found in Folsom level. (Monograph--Page 70, Plate 6) Need to find references in text. | Greenacre did find gravers in the Cave. (1269-1275) |
| Snub-Nose found in Folsom level. (Monograph--Page 72, Plate 8) Need to find references in text. | Greenacre did find sub-nose in the Cave. (1283-1298) |
| There were no formal funds for excavation during 1936-'39. Hibben obtained a grant from the American Philosophical Society in 1940.(Monograph P3) | Greenacre agrees. (70-73, 135-136, 1205, 1432-1433) |
| The stratigraphy in the Cave is probably the most controversial issue surrounding Sandia Cave. It is described differently by each author and by the same author in different articles. Table 1 in "Geochronology of Sandia Cave" (Haynes and Agogino 1986:4) demonstrates this controversy. | Greenacre says the yellow ocher was thoughout the cave and immediately under a single layer of travertine. (58, 62, 440, 444-448, 745-748, 751, 1451-1458) |
| Hibben reports finding mammoth and mastadon teeth (Monograph P32). Bliss reports finding horse teeth (1940:200). | Greenacre remembers finding Camel teeth (1310, 1460) and deer teeth (454). He dosen't remember finding mastodon (1314-1321, 1460) nor horse (1460). |
| Hibben and Bliss, both report finding foreign rocks outlining the fire hearth in the front of the cave that produced the first Sandia point. (Bliss 1940:201; Hibben 1937:263; Hibben 1941:27). | Greenacre remembers the fire hearth, but doesn't remember any rocks outlining it. (458-472, 1461-1466) |